SHARES (Votes actie, it. Aktie) - securities issued by public companies without a specific term to maturity. Share represents the introduction of its own shares in the share capital (authorized capital) of the company. The action has the following rights: to receive part of the profits as dividends, to sell shares on the stock market, to participate in the management of the company (common stock) to a portion of the property or the value of the company that the property in liquidation. Preferred shares are entitled to receive dividends predetermined, but denied the right to participate in management by voting in decisions at shareholders meetings. Ordinary (common) shares can receive dividends as determined on the basis of economic activity, and are entitled to vote at the meeting.
BANKRUPTCY (from Italian. Banco - bench and rotto - broken) - the debtor's inability to pay its obligations, repay debts due to his lack of money to pay. Bankruptcy of firms occurs most often due to the fact that for a long time their expenditures exceed revenues in the absence of operating losses. Officially, the company becomes bankrupt after the court decision on his failure as a debtor and an inability to pay its creditors. If an application to the court for bankruptcy becomes the debtor, the bankruptcy is voluntary. Sometimes firms go to such a move by the fictitious bankruptcy to hide debt money and leave them at home. If a statement in the court treated the creditors, who have not returned to duty, called the forced bankruptcy. By court insolvent company can be reorganized, that is, he is given a deadline to exit from bankruptcy, debt repayment, and sometimes assist in this. However, an elimination of the company with the sale of the property to offset the debt.
Bankruptcy of state - a full or partial waiver of the state payments on external and domestic debt, government default.
EXCHANGE (from it. Borse, Lat. Bursa - Purse) - regularly functioning, organizational certain wholesale market for similar goods, for which the purchase and sale of large quantities of goods. Exchange, acting as an intermediary in transactions, facilitate contact between sellers and buyers of goods and of wholesale market prices through auctions. Depending on the type of goods on the exchange are distinguished: Commodity exchanges that sell material assets, stock exchanges, securities trading, currency exchange, currency trading, universal exchange, selling a variety of goods, labor exchanges, promote employment of unemployed and those seeking to change jobs .
Stock exchange - institutionalized, regular functioning securities market. Stock exchanges are intended to: mobilize temporarily free funds to enterprises and households through the sale of its securities, to facilitate the movement of money capital between different economic actors. On the markets formed rate securities. The largest stock exchanges operate in New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Basel, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Blue chips - the most famous and prestigious event. Usually traded companies that fall into this category of investment, paying dividends to its shareholders in good and in bad years for the company.
DEFLATION (English - deflation from Lat. Deflatio - blowing, blowing) - decrease in the average price level in the economy due to a decrease in aggregate demand, lower the cost of goods at the expense of productivity growth or reduce the amount of money in circulation. Process, the opposite of inflation.
Stock market game - holding speculation on the stock exchange through a successful purchase and sale of securities and other objects of exchange trading for profit. A simple game is to use the difference in prices and rates in different markets, buying players exchange goods in the markets where it is cheaper, and then sell it, where it is more expensive. More complex game is to anticipate changes in rates and prices in the future and advance buying or selling commodities and futures contracts on profitable footing. Distinguish game on appreciation (such players are called "bulls") and play for a fall (such players are called "bears").
EXCHANGE INDEX (synonyms - stock index, stock index) - the average rate most important stock exchange. In its simplest form, is determined by dividing the amount of courses selected group of securities in the number of selected issues. Among the most commonly used stock market indices include the Dow Jones.
Dow Jones Industrial Average - the average stock prices of the largest U.S. companies. The name is derived from its publishing company Dow Jones. Represents the arithmetic mean of the daily quotations on the closing.
Consumer Price Index - an index that characterizes the change in value of consumer goods and services purchased. Used as a measure of inflation and expressed as a percentage. A value above 100% means higher prices, less than 100% - decrease.
INDEX NASDAQ - U.S. index of high-tech companies, is calculated based on the stock price of companies traded in the OTC system, NASDAQ.
INDEX NIKKEI - Japan's leading share index, which reflects the share prices of 225 major companies.
FINANCIAL CRISIS - deep state financial disorder, the monetary system, which manifests itself in a sharp discrepancy in budget revenues to costs, instability and falling exchange rate of the national currency, mutual non economic entities, non-compliance in the money supply to the law of currency, inflation.
Economic crisis (from the Greek. Krisis - a turning point) - the sharp deterioration in the economic condition of the country, manifested in a significant decline in production, violation of existing industrial relations, enterprise bankruptcy, unemployment and in the end - to reduce the standard of living and welfare.
MICEX - Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange. History of the MICEX Group, now the largest exchange in Russia, the CIS, Central and Eastern Europe, dates back to the early 1990's, when in the course of market reforms leading Russian banks and the Bank of Russia established the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange, initially focused on the organization Trading foreign exchange. Dollar on the MICEX is an important reference point, based on this set its official rate of the Central Bank. In 2005 started to work MICEX. Today, the turnover of securities transactions on it is more than 99% of the aggregate turnover of the Russian stock market securities.
Official discount rate - the interest rate applied by the Central Bank of the country in its operations with commercial banks and other lending institutions interacting (organizations) purchase (registration) of short-term liabilities and re-registration of private commercial paper. Adjusting the discount rate allows the central bank to influence the level of accounting and other interest rates of commercial banks and the volume of transactions in the credit markets.
Repo (French report) - 1) exchange transaction in the securities market, consisting in the sale of securities with a simultaneous transaction and the subsequent redemption of a short-term at a higher price, is a form of credit, payment for which there is a difference in price; 2) conducted on the foreign exchange market transaction is a combination of cash transactions for the sale of foreign currency in exchange for national, on the back at the same time makes a deal to buy currency at a higher price.
REFINANCING (born refinancing) - 1) re-financing on the basis of new loans, and 2) the resale of commercial banks lending money and obtained from the Central Bank, and 3) the prolongation of the term of the loan and increase its size, and 4) the transfer of the existing mortgage on another property .
RECESSION - relatively mild, non-critical recession or a slowdown in economic growth, the reduction of the gross domestic product in the long term.
RTS - Russian Trading System (Stock Exchange). The date of birth is July RTS 1995, when it was connected to the first regional company. RTS was previously the leading exchanges, organizing trading of shares of Russian companies, and so far the RTS is one of the most important indicators of the Russian stock market. Now urgent of RTS - FORTS is a leading trading venue for futures and options in Russia.
The U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) - the union 12 Federal Reserve Bank, acting together as the Central Bank of the United States, as well as commercial banks that are members of the Fed. Established in 1913. Federal Reserve banks to issue bank notes, cash services of the federal budget, the sale of government securities, the regulation and supervision of commercial banks, deals in the global currency markets.